My Africa Today

Jacqueline Novogratz is pioneering new ways of tackling poverty. In her view, traditional charity rarely delivers lasting results. Her solution, outlined here through a series of revealing personal stories, is "patient capital": support for "bottom of the pyramid" businesses which the commercial market alone couldn't provide. The result: sustainable jobs, goods, services -- and dignity -- for the world's poorest.

This grab-you-by-the-throat speech by Ghanaian economist George Ayittey unleashes an almost breathtaking torrent of controlled anger toward corrupt leaders and the complacency that allows them to thrive. These "Hippos" (lazy, slow, ornery) have ruined postcolonial Africa, he says. Why, then, does he remain optimistic? Because of the young, agile "Cheetah Generation," a "new breed of Africans" taking their futures into their own hands.

When Yang Jie left home at 18, he was doing what people from China’s hardscrabble Fujian Province have done for generations: emigrating in search of a better living overseas.

What set him apart was his destination. Instead of the traditional adopted homelands like the US and Europe, where Fujian people have settled by the hundreds of thousands, he chose this small, landlocked country in southern Africa.

“Before I left China,” said Yang, now 25, “I thought Africa was all one big desert.” So he figured that ice cream would be in high demand, and with money pooled from relatives and friends, he created his own factory at the edge of Lilongwe, Malawi’s capital. The climate is in fact subtropical, but that has not stopped his ice cream company from becoming the country’s biggest.

Stories like this have become legion across Africa in the past five years or so, as hundreds of thousands of Chinese have discovered the continent. The Xinhua News Agency recently estimated that at least 7,50,000 Chinese were working or living for extended periods on the continent, a reflection of deepening economic ties between China and Africa.

Even when Yang arrived here in 2001, he said, he could go weeks without encountering another traveller from his homeland. But as surely as his investments in the country have prospered, he said, an increasingly large community of Chinese migrants has taken root, and now runs everything from small factories to health care clinics and trading companies.

Today, in many of the countries where the new Chinese emigrants have settled, like Chad, Chinese-owned pharmacies, massage parlours and restaurants serving a variety of regional Chinese cuisines can be found; the Western presence, once dominant, has steadily dwindled, and essentially consists nowadays of relief experts working international agencies or oil workers, living behind high walls in heavily guarded enclaves.

At first, this new Chinese exodus was driven largely by word of mouth, as pioneers like Yang relayed news back home of abundant opportunities in a part of the world where many economies lie undeveloped or in ruins.

Conditions like these often deter Western investors, but for many Chinese entrepreneurs, Africa’s emerging economies are inviting precisely because they seem small and accessible. Competition is often weak or nonexistent, and for African customers, the low price of many Chinese goods and services make them more affordable than their Western counterparts.

You Xianwen sold his pipe-laying business in Chengdu, in southwest China, this year to move to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, to join a startup company with a Chinese partner he had met only online. His new business, ABC Bioenergy, builds devices that generate combustible gas from ordinary refuse, providing what You said would be an affordable alternative source of energy in a country where electricity supplies are erratic and prices high.

This Chinese activity reflects an intense appetite for African oil and mineral resources needed to fuel China’s manufacturing sector, but big Chinese companies have quickly become formidable competitors in other sectors as well, particularly for big-ticket public works contracts. China is building major new railroad lines in Nigeria and Angola, large dams in Sudan, airports in several countries and new roads, it seems, almost everywhere.

Africans view the influx of Chinese with a mix of anticipation and dread. Business leaders in Chad, a central African nation with deepening oil ties to China, are bracing for what they suspect will be an army of Chinese workers and investors.

“We expect a large influx of at least 40,000 Chinese in the coming years,” said Renaud Dinguemnaial, director of Chad’s Chamber of Commerce. “This massive arrival could be a plus for the economy, but we are also worried. When they arrive, will they bring their own workers, stay in their own houses, send all their money home?”

In Zambia, where anti-Chinese sentiment has been building for several years, merchants at the central market in Lusaka, the capital, said that if Chinese people wanted to come to Africa, they should come as investors, building factories, not as petty traders who compete for already scarce customers for bottom-dollar items like flip-flops and T-shirts.

“The Chinese claim to come here as investors, but they are trading just like us,” said Dorothy Mainga, who sells knockoff Puma sneakers and Harley Davidson T-shirts in the Kamwala Market in Lusaka. “They are selling the same things we are selling at cheap prices. We pay duty and tax, but they use their connections to avoid paying tax.”

Although Chinese oil workers have been kidnapped in Nigeria and killed in Ethiopia, the growing Chinese presence around the continent has produced few serious incidents.

Misunderstandings are common, however, and resentments inevitably arise. Africans in many countries complain that Chinese workers occupy jobs that locals are either qualified for or could be easily trained to do. “We are happy to have the Chinese here,” said Dennis Phiri, 21, a Malawian university student who is studying to become an engineer. “The problem with the Chinese companies is that they reserve all the good jobs for their own people. Africans are only hired in menial roles.”

Mwanza AB, Tanzania, early 1980s; Contrary to what is usually reported, Tanzania never purchased any J-7Is from China. Instead, the Jeshi La Wananchi La Tanzania (Tanzanian People's Defence Force Air Wing, TPDF/AW) was given 14 MiG-21MFs and two MiG-21Us by the USSR in 1974. Many of these were lost in different accidents due to the poor training, and two were said to have been lost when their pilots defected. Nevertheless, the few surviving examples took part in the war against Uganda, in 1978-1979, when they saw much action, even if one was shot down in a case of fratricide fire (it was lost to SA-7s fired by Tanzanian troops). The Tanzanian Army captured seven MiG-21MFs and one MiG-21U trainer from the Ugandan Air Force, as well as a considerable amount of spare parts. All of these were flown out to Mwanza AB, to enter service with the TPDF/AW. In 1998, Tanzania purchased four additional MiG-21MFs from the Ukraine, but these were reportedly in a very poor shape, and not used very often. Meanwhile, in 1980, an order for 10 F-7Bs and two TF-7s was issued to China, and in 1997 also two F-7Ns were purchased from Iran, together with four ex-Iraqi Air Force transports of an unknown type. Today, no Russian-supplied MiG-21s remain in service with the TPDF/AW, and only three or four F-7s remain operational.


The TPDF/AW MiG-21MFs are now confirmed to have carried serials - in black or green - underneath the cockpit, but no details about these are known.

Tanzania, place and time unknown; exactly how many MiG-15UTI (or, according to other sources, FT-2s) Tanzania acquired, or when, remains unknown. Supposedly, by the early 1990s two remained intact, even if it is unknown if even these were operational. The markings and serials shown here were applied according to instructions from a decal sheets of the Ukrainian company Kanga, and the Canadian Hobbycraft. The exact details about their placement remain unconfirmed.

Daresalam IAP, 2004: seen at Daresalam IAP in 2004, preparing for celebrations of Tanzanian People's Defence Forces' 40th Aniversary, this F-6A is one of two that arrived from Mwanza together with three F-5s. It wears a disruptive camouflage pattern in sand, brown and green on upper sides, and light blue underneath. All the planes appeared in imacualte condition, considering they are in service since almost 30 years. No national markings or serials were apparent on either of F-6As.

The Greenville Sheriff's Office said that they arrested a man at an Upstate motel who was setting up a deal commonly referred to as a Nigerian money scam.Sheriff's investigators said that they were tipped off to the potential scam by a doctor from Texas who said he had been e-mailed a request to help an African businessman get into the United States. The doctor sent approximately $27,000 to Kenneth Ojua, who lives in an apartment on White Horse Road. The doctor said Ojua had told him he would $2 million in return for his investment.Investigators said that they set up a meeting between the doctor and Ojua at the Holiday Inn on Augusta Road. The doctor was to give Ojua additional money.

As part of my research on the African brand, I interviewed a Nigerian Hollywood public relations professional recently. Though his clientèle doesn’t consist purely of Africans, being a Hollywood connector he frequently encounters Africans with a bit of money looking to use his services for something or another. As we talked, the topic of money came up and the gentleman expounded on the different groups of Africans with money and their attitudes towards wealth. What I found interesting was how the Nigerian connector classified the groups: hustlers, who will do anything for a buck, and dignitaries, whose source of wealth is questionable. In his experience these were the two types of people who make up the affluent African class. Of course I found his tales of the affluent African a little disheartening, but it brought to light the issue of options for African wealth. We all know that the continent is rich with resources, however the access to those resources and who benefits from it’s potential revenue is another story.

The Wall Street Journal’s Informed Reader points to the recent release of Merrill Lynch and Cap Gemini’s 2007 World Wealth Report which reveals:

Globally, the HNWI (High Net Worth Individuals) population grew by 8.3% in 2006, to a total of 9.5 million individuals. HNWI population gains were particularly strong last year in Africa, the Middle East and Latin America, advancing by 12.5%, 11.9% and 10.2%, respectively, and outpacing more developed nations. These gains came amid these emerging markets’ attempts to solidify their infrastructures and become more developed economies.

While this means there is more African representation in Robert Frank’s Richistan, many of us in lower to not-even-close Richistan, are beginning to ask even more questions about what role Africans play in the scramble for Africa’s resources. A BIG question raised in the conversation about African billionaires on Forbes’ list was, where are those billionaires getting their money? The wealth report hints that, China has been an active player in Africa, investing heavily in various sectors and showing particular interest in mining. Taken together, these factors bolstered the continent’s HNWI population, helping it grow by 12.5 percent in 2006 and increasing its wealth by 14 per cent.

While this seems like a good answer, I’m not sure many Africans will buy it. But I don’t want to be labeled a “player hater” so I will point you to this statement by the Informed Reader:

So when it comes to business and markets, the firms that cater to the top of the high end will continue to do the best in the coming years. Think megayachts instead of yachts, beachfront estates instead of McMansions, and Bentleys and Maybachs instead of Mercedes and BMWs.

Paul Redfern adds, “The report says much of the income is spent on luxury items, art collections, jewelery and charitable causes.” Maybe this growing area will give enterprising Africans such as my Hollywood connector friend a green card to Richistan. As another hustler friend of mine said, “Don’t hate, participate” - legitimately of course.

“Pluto” wins 2006 Name of the Year

In its meeting in Anaheim, California, on January 5, 2007, members of the American Name Society voted “Pluto” as the Name of the Year for 2006. The runner-up for Name of the Year was “Macaca”, which received only one vote less than “Pluto.” The second runner-up was “Flickr”. The final vote was taken among the five nominees “Blue Dog Democrats,” “Flickr,” “Macaca,” “Pluto,” and “Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt,” which had been chosen from twelve original nominees by a committee. All twelve original nominees, along with the rationales for their nominations, were:

Ahmadinejad -- The President of Iran became a prominent character for the United States in 2005-2006. He is repeatedly being denounced for developing his country's nuclear facilities. His religious affiliation with the Shiites in Iraq affects the United States involvement in Iraq. He has repeatedly made public statements for attention by the people of the United States. His eligibility for nomination for Name of the Year is reinforced by his potential future importance, either as a constructive or destructive leader of a nation of special importance in the Middle East.

Barbaro -- After a year of rebuilding lives in the hurricane stricken southern states, floods and devastating fires out west and a sad and controversial war in Iraq, this name represents all what we are seeking as humans. Barbaro in his peak as a race horse brought happiness, excitement, courage, bravery, strength, good sportsmanship and sheer beauty. When he was injured and near death, he got humans to pray, appreciate life and ask for hope. Now with his amazing recovery, he does all of those things for humans all over again.

Beatrice -- This name is VERY important in the best-selling Lemony Snicket books. Through all of the books, Snicket keeps the name Beatrice exactly the same, but treats it in a different way in each book. She is the mysterious woman who in the dedications is the recipient of his fondest feelings. The humor comes in the way Snicket creates variations on the theme of missing her. He starts with alliteration and surprise: “To Beatrice—darling, dearest, dead.” Then he plays with switching from literal to metaphorical meanings as in “For Beatrice—You will always be in my heart, in my mind, and in your grave.” “For Beatrice—When we were together I felt breathless. Now you are,” and “For Beatrice—Our love broke my heart, and stopped yours.” Judging from Book the Twelfth, she died in a house fire as did the Baudelaire’s parents: “No one could extinguish my love, or your house.” He uses contrast in “For Beatrice—When we met, my life began. Soon afterwards, yours ended,” and comparison in “For Beatrice—Summer without you is as cold as winter. Winter without you is even colder.” “Book the Fourth” has the longest dedication:

To Beatrice—My love flew like a butterfly,

Until death swooped down like a bat.

As the poet Emma Montana McEllroy said:

“That’s the end of that.”

Books Tenth and Eleventh, respectively, are perhaps the most enigmatic. “For Beatrice—When we met, you were pretty, and I was lonely. Now, I am pretty lonely,” and “For Beatrice—Dead women tell no tales/ Sad men write them down.” In the final Book the Thirteenth, he writes, "I cherished, you perished, The world's been nightmarished." Here he hints that Beatrice was the mother of the Baudelaire children, but readers are still left with lots to wonder about.

“Blue Dog Democrats” -- The name comes from the fact that they represent the “blue states,” but they’re not typical Democrats. They’re sort of “dogs” as “Democrats. On National Public Radio they explained that before the “Blue Dog Democrats” there were the “Yellow Dog Democrats.” These are the Democrats located at the far left. They are called “Yellow Dog Democrats” because “they would vote for a Democrat even if it were a Yellow Dog.” It is said that when the moderate democrats heard about the “Yellow Dog Democrats,” they “turned blue,” and that is how they became the “Blue Dog Democrats.”

Flickr -- Flickr was a little-known website when it came on the scene in early 2004, but a blog post (http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2005/10/the_new_rules_o.html ) by Seth Godin in October of 2005 pointed out the apparent greatness of the name to marketers around the world. Marketers are now often asked by their business clients if dropping a letter from a real word makes a good corporate name. All of this is because of that one name. How has this affected the world? Well, in less than an hour of searching on the internet over sixty companies that use exactly the same naming convention (dropping the penultimate vowel before a closing "r".) were found by the original nominator of this name. Poems have been written as an homage to the practice - composed entirely from real website and company names.

Jack -- It’s been the #1 most popular name in the UK for a decade and is steadily rising in the US. On television it belongs to the protagonists on the popular shows 24, Lost, Stargate and Alias, and it is also the name of the main character from this year's most successful movie, Pirates of the Caribbean 2, Jack Sparrow. This traditional name for an “everyman” now has a modern sophisticated and popular image all around the English speaking world.

“Macaca” -- Early in the Senate race in Virginia, incumbent republican George Allen was leading democratic challenger Jim Webb by double-digit margins. Most political pundits, as well as most Virginians themselves, thought Allen was unbeatable in what was in 2000 and 2004 a solidly republican state. That changed on August 11, at a campaign rally in southwest Virginia, where Allen pointed out a Webb campaign worker of Indian descent in the crowd using a racial slur: "This fellow here...Macaca, or whatever his name is. ...Lets give a welcome to Macaca, here. Welcome to America and the real world of Virginia." The young man to whom Allen referred was taping the event, and overnight Allen's insensitivity and potential bigotry were important campaign issues. His lead over Webb vanished within a week. Today Allen conceded the race, resulting in the U.S. Congress changing from republican to democratic control for the first time in nearly two decades. The term "Macaca moment" now seems to be headed for permanent status as an item in America's political lexicon. The spread of the incident and the name over You Tube also illustrates the new power of that Website in spreading cultural phenomena.

“Penguin Space Shuttle” -- This was the nickname given to a recent space shuttle which was black and white, and which couldn’t fly because of many delays. The illustrates both normal processes of nicknaming, but also the recent fashionable place penguins seem to have had in American society, as exemplified by cartoon characters such as Opus and films such as The March of the Penguins and Happy Feet.

Pluto -- In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union, meeting in Prague, decided that Pluto did not meet a strict scientific definition of “planet” and said that Pluto should be called a “dwarf planet”, with the term “planet” reserved for objects whose gravity has cleared the neighborhood around their orbits. This decision immediately caused an uproar in the general public around the world; even some astronomers were upset. The word “plutoed” has already entered the English language to mean “to downgrade, demote, or remove from a prestigious group or list.” The great emotional reaction that many had to the demotion, often expressed as feeling angry or sorry for Pluto, also shows how naming an inanimate object or a place with a personal name, even of an ancient Roman god, helps human beings to become personally attached to them.

Restless Leg Syndrome -- Since it is impossible to prescribe medicine for a medical condition that has no name, it is necessary to provide this condition with a name before anyone can sell medicine to treat the condition. For years we’ve all had “restless legs,” but now that it is named the “Restless Leg Syndrome” we can buy medicine to make it better.

Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt -- This name symbolized the cult of celebrity gossip. When this child was born in Namibia in May, many joked that this was the most anticipated birth since the Christ child, and then "Brangelina" gave her a Messiah-like name, with a biblically significant place name first and "new" in the middle. The rarity and creativity of the given names, combined with the hyphenated surname, to exemplify the characteristics of today’s celebrity baby names for many Americans.

Opportunities in Kenya’s Communications sector

$10 Police Flashlight Hack! - video powered by Metacafe

2. Edmonia Lewis* (1844?-1911?) Believed to be the first woman sculptor of African American and Native American heritage, Lewis attended Oberlin College in Ohio, where her talent for drawing emerged. Lewis left for Italy while in her early 20s and spent much of her career working in Rome. Lewis is best known for The Death of Cleopatra, a piece she created in 1876 for America's first centennial celebration. The two-ton sculpture, which caused a sensation at the exhibit for its realistic portrayal of death, dropped out of sight and remained undiscovered until the late 1970s. Lewis's life after 1890 remains a mystery, and her place of death unknown.

3. Henry Ossawa Tanner* (1859-1937) Called by a contemporary art historian "the first genius among Negro artists," Tanner, a painter, was raised in Pittsburgh and attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. He later relocated to Paris, largely to escape racial prejudice in America. With a style rooted in the techniques of romantic realism and impressionism, Tanner is best known for his scenes of African American life, including The Banjo Lesson, and his works focusing on Biblical subjects, including The Raising of Lazarus. Tanner's Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City was acquired for the art collection of the White House in Washington, D.C., in 1996; it was the first work by an African American painter to be chosen for the collection.

4. Augusta Savage (1892-1962) Specializing in portraits of African American leaders--including W. E. B. Du Bois and Frederick Douglass--Savage was a dedicated arts educator as well as a sculptor. She began working with clay at age six, and received formal art training in New York City. After returning to America from several years' study in Paris, Savage opened an arts school in Harlem in 1932. Among her students were painters Jacob Lawrence and Norman Lewis. Savage campaigned for the empowerment of black artists, petitioning the Works Progress Administration to hire them for commissions. She opened New York's first gallery devoted to African American art in 1939.

6. William Henry Johnson* (1901-1970) Raised in South Carolina, Johnson studied art in New York City before moving to France, then Scandinavia. His European influences included Paul Cézanne and Norwegian expressionist Edvard Munch. Upon returning to New York in 1938, Johnson switched from expressionism to a conscious primitivism, and he thereafter concentrated on portrayals of African American subjects in a spare, simplified style. Johnson sold few works in his lifetime, and spent his last two decades confined to a hospital, never realizing the eventual enormous popularity of both his expressionist and his primitive work.

9. Romare Bearden (1912-1988) Depicting various aspects of the African American experience, Bearden's paintings and collages include elements of the 20th-century art movements of cubism, social realism, and abstraction. His best-known works incorporate images from magazines and newspapers. Raised in New York City's Harlem district, Bearden attended the Art Students League in the 1930s, where he worked with German American expressionist artist George Grosz. Bearden produced some of his most innovative works in the late 1960s, often incorporating life-size imagery and combining collage with acrylics, oils, and mosaics.

10. Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000) One of the most widely known and consistently successful African American artists, Lawrence's career spanned nearly six decades, from the Harlem Renaissance era to the end of the 20th century. An educator for much of his career, Lawrence is best known for his narrative series of paintings of African American historical figures and topics, as well as individual works that center on street life and families. Lawrence's style was influenced by a variety of artistic traditions, including expressionism and cubism. Among his more famous works is The Migration Series (1941-1942), a collection of 60 panels that chronicles the mass movement of African Americans to urban centers in the North.

13. Robert Colescott* (1925- ) Colescott is known for his lively, colorful paintings, many of which are parodies of famous depictions of historical events. In these witty, expressive works, Colescott substitutes African Americans for white figures in an ironic commentary on racial inequality, as in his painting George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware (1975). In his early career, Colescott explored abstract and representational painting, and studied with French cubist artist Fernand Léger. His later work focuses on racial issues such as urban violence and women's subjugation.

14. Jean-Michel Basquiat* (1960-1988) Blending imagery from African, Caribbean, European, and popular American art, Basquiat's work first appeared as graffiti on the streets and subways of New York City. His career began its meteoric rise in 1980 when Basquiat was 20 and virtually homeless; his work quickly became sought-after and he was befriended by such celebrity artists as Julian Schnabel and Andy Warhol. Basquiat died of a heroin overdose at age 27.

In school, in history classes, students are taught about the African Slave Trade: how the black people were taken from the Continent of Africa to be slaves; how the black people were captured and raped and robbed of their culture; how the black people were forced to accept the religion of their captors; and how the black people had to, and still do, live according to the customs of their slave masters.

But did slavery all start on the continent of Africa? Were Hebrew/Israelites part of this slave trade? Were the Hebrew/Israelites even in Africa? And were the Hebrew/Israelites in Africa during the time of the African Slave Trade? .

George E. Lichtblau, author of "Jewish Roots in Africa," said "Claims of a historic presence of Jewish communities in certain regions of Africa, notably West and Southern Africa, seem esoteric when first mentioned. This presence goes back not just centuries, but even to biblical times." How many children know this? Mr. Lichtblau also said, " . . . the subsequent scattering of a Jewish presence and influence reaching deep into the African continent is less widely acknowledged." Why?.

If everything is left up to the school systems, black people in America will continue to live in darkness, especially, concerning the slave trade and its connection with the Hebrew/Israelites. There is a connection!.

First, it should be understood that the Hebrew/Israelites are black people. If that's not clear, please read "The Hebrew People of the Bible, What Color are they?" This will clearly explain what our captors do not want you to know. .

All through the biblical history of the Hebrew/Israelites, you will read how they disobeyed God, their Father, the God of Israel. In that the children of Israel are His only son (Exodus 4:22), they had to be disciplined by their Father, the Creator ofheaven and Earth, for their wicked deeds..

How did God discipline his children being a spiritual and not a physical being?.

The spanking that the Children of Israel received was through being defeated on the battlefield and by being taken into captivity by the nation or nations that their father, the Creator, raised to power. For example: Judges 2:11&14 says, "The children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord . . . and the anger of the Lord burned against Israel, and he delivered them into the hands of spoilers that plundered them, and he sold them into the hands of their enemies round about, so that they could not any longer stand before their enemies." Judges 3:7&8 says, "The children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord . . . Therefore the anger of the Lord burned against Israel and he sold them into the hand of Kushan-rish'atayim, king of Aram: and the children of Israel served Kushan-rish'atayim eight years." And, Judges 3:12-14 says, "The children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord: and the Lord strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel . . . And he gathered to him the children of Ammon and Amaleq, and went and smote Israel . . . So the children of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab, for eighteen years." So as you can see, the discipline came through the other nations by the God of Israel..

As the Children of Israel continued to do evil, and the God of Israel continued to bring other nations against them, knowing that they were going to be persecuted, and forced to serve another nation, they would run into other countries trying and thinking they were fleeing from their captors, that the Lord their God had raised and strengthened against them..

Although, the children of Israel was constantly wicked, they were already warned by the God of Israel that if they disobeyed Him that they would be cursed. As the Christians have the book of Revelations for their last book, the Hebrews have the book of Deuteronomy for their last book of revelations. And their curse is thoroughly outlined in Deuteronomy 28th Chapter. I am not going to quote the 28th chapter because it is very lengthy. But, please read it!.

There were several times when the Israelites, out of defeat, ran for shelter, and the Bible and other history books of the Jews hold the specific details of this matter. .

Second Kings 18:9-13 says, "And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah, which was the seventh year of Hosea son of Elah King of Israel, that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria, and besieged it. And at the end of three years they took it: even in the sixth year of Hezekiah, (that is, the ninth year of Hosea king of Israel) Samaria was taken. And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria, and put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes: because they obeyed not the voice of the Lord their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the servant of the Lord commanded, and would not hear them, nor do them. Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib king of Assyria come up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them."

Knowing that king Shalmaneser did carry away Israel, and that king Sennacherib did take Judah into captivity, did any Hebrew/Israelites try to escape their wrath? Did any Hebrew/Israelites run into other countries? Is it all possible for them to have also run into Africa? I say Yes!

Solomon Grayzel, a white Jewish historian, wrote in his book, "A History of the Jews," in the ninth century CE (AD), a man appeared in north Africa among the Hebrews there, his name was Eldad from the tribe of Dan, he was a Danite. He said the members of his tribe had escaped Israel after Sennacherib had conquered Israel, and other Hebrews from other tribes also live in the land from where he came from.

Menasseh ben Israel, the author of "The Hope of Israel," said in his book there were Hebrew/Israelites that had been scattered into the Americas since the time of Sennacherib.

Mr Lichtblau, the writer of "Jewish Roots in Africa," speaking of the Jews said, "Pressed under sweeping regional conflicts, Jews settled as traders and warriors in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the Kingdom of Kush and Nubia, North African Punic settlements (Carthage and Velubilis), and areas now covered by Mauritania. More emigrants followed these early Jewish settlers to Northern Africa following the Assyrian conquest of the Israelites in the 8th century B.C.E...."

And, Rabbi Dahton Nasi, the author of the "Basic Jewish Studies Handbook," has placed the Hebrew/Israelites all over the African continent.

Shalmaneser king of Assyria and Sennacherib king of Assyria were not the only kings to have come up against Israel. Another very important time in the history of the Hebrews, and I say important because the Temple was destroyed for the first time, is when Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon came and took Israel and destroyed the temple.

Here too, we tried to escape persecution and ran into the continent of Africa. Mr. Lichtblau statement above goes one step further, when mentioning the emigration of the Hebrews to Africa during the conquest of king Nebuchadnezzar. It says, " . . . and again 200 years later, when Jerusalem was conquered by the Babylonians, leading to the destruction of the First temple."

So, again two hundred years later the Children of Israel ran into Africa trying to flee persecution.

The people, not wanting to serve king Nebuchadnezzar, went into Egypt, even after they were instructed by the God of Israel, their Father, not to. Jeremiah, the prophet, in chapter 42, 43, and 44 tells the people that God said to stay in Babylon because he would be with them. But instead, they went to Egypt and when Jeremiah caught up with them in there, he said, due to them not listening to the God of Israel, he was going to push king Nebuchadnezzar into Egypt and take it and them.

I don't know what my reaction would have been if I had been informed of this by the Prophet. But as Rabbi Nasi stated in his handbook above (regarding this situation, and something I do agree with), "This warning would cause many Israelites to migrate deeper into Ethiopia and the Sahara desert."

After serving the Babylonians for 70 years, the Hebrews returned to Israel to rebuild the kingdom. Thinking that they would have known how to act, they had to be disciplined again because they wouldn't listen to the word of God.

In the year 334 B.C.E., Alexander the Great, came down from Macedonia and took Babylon, Egypt, Israel, and other areas that were occupied by the Persians. After Alexanders death, his kingdom was divide and the Hebrew/Israelites caught trouble again.

Around 176 B.C.E., king Antiochus ruled the Greek Kingdom and came up against Israel. Approximately two years later, the king attacked Jerusalem and destroyed the city, burned it down, and took the women and children captive. He also wrote a decree to all of his kingdom that the people should give up their particular practices and be as the Greeks, to be as one people.

The king told the Hebrews to "put a stop to whole burnt offerings and sacrifices and drink offerings at the sanctuary, and to break the Sabbaths and profane the feasts and to build altars and sacred precincts and idol temples and sacrifice hogs and unclean cattle; and to leave their sons uncircumcised and defile themselves with every unclean and profane practice." The king made it known to the Hebrews, if they did not obey the command, they would be put to death. After the Greeks came, the Romans and around 70CE destroyed Jerusalem again. The Romans, too, refused to let the Jews circumcise their boys, observe the Sabbath, and study the laws of the God of Israel. Here, too, the Roman government said if we were to do the things that we are commanded to do by the God of Israel, that the Hebrews would be put to death.

The restrictions on the Hebrews forced them to emigrate in even greater numbers than before. Rome's vengeance forced the Hebrews that lived in Cyrenaica, which was approximately a hundred thousand and a million in Egypt to flee into the south of Africa and the west of Africa. Solomon Grayzel said, "such is the explanation how the Sahara desert first acquired Jewish tribes . . . "

But it wasn't always another kingdom that forced the Hebrews to flee their homeland.

The first three centuries of the Christian Era weren't easy for the Hebrews. There was a lot of confusion between the Hebrews and the Christians due to instigation by the Roman government saying the Hebrews killed Jesus. And, that false accusation has followed the Hebrews even until this day. But, at that time it did force the Hebrews to flee from persecution, while at the same time we also fled from the Christians due to forced conversion. It was a do or die situation. You either accepted Christianity or you died.

Next was the rise of Islam some several hundred years later, 6th or 7th century. Islam was gaining some dominance but not enough to convert the Hebrews. Mohammed sought the Hebrews, but the Hebrews didn't want to have anything to do with Islam. Eventually, a choice was given to the Hebrews either Islam or die by the sword. The threat of the sword was definitely carried out by the command of Mohammed, killing the Hebrew males and selling the Hebrew women. After the death of Mohammed, his successor (Abu Behr), with a tighter grip than Mohammed, continued with the caravan.

Africa wasn't the only country where the Hebrews dwelled because of them fleeing their captore and wanting to live a life of freedom. Spain and Portugal, to name a few, were two countries where the Hebrews tried to leave.

Life for the Hebrews in Spain was fair until January 2, 1492. This is the year that king Ferdinand and queen Isabella signed an order to deport the Hebrews out of Spain. Christianity had taken a strong hold in Spain and Ferdinand and Isabella approved the expulsion because the Jews were secretly maintaining their faith as Moses had instructed them and not embracing the Christian religion.

Ferdinand and Isabella gave the Jews until August 1, 1492 to get out of Spain or suffer severe slavery for sure. When August 1, 1492 arrived, a great number of Jews had departed Spain, returning to the northern and western parts of Africa, fleeing to the Caribbean islands, and fleeing into Portugal. "But the last group of Jews did not leave until August 2, 1492," said Rudolph Windsor, author of "From Babylon to Timbuktu."

This date should sound familiar to the world because this is the date Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World. And their were Jews on board his carriers. The Jews that stayed behind in Spain were either forced to convert to Christianity, be a slave, or die by the sword. The Jews that fled into Portugal were allowed to stay for thirteen years but no longer, to the year of 1505. To this date, there are a number of dark-skinned Hebrews in the Caribbean Islands, practicing and living the laws of Moses.

When 1505 arrived, the Hebrews that had stayed behind in Portugal were forced into being slavery by the order of the governor of Portugal. Also, the governor gave permission to import the slaves, those negroes, those Hebrews into the Caribbean islands and the West Indies.

But Spain and Portugal weren't the only culprits in this matter. The African people also played a part in the captivity of African slaves.

Although the slave trade began in 1441, at the hands of the Portuguese, it wasn't until 1619, when the first slaves were reported in English America, said Richard L. Green. He went further to say, "The participation of countries in the African slave trade became so profitable that slaves were viewed as black gold' and beasts of burden."

Black gold and beasts of burden is how Affonso I, king of the Congo, must have viewed the Hebrews of Africa because he gained a great deal of wealth from the slave trade. It is noted that Mvemba Nzinga, who was baptized Affonso I, ruled as the Mani Congo (king of the Congo) from 1506 to 1543. "Affonso I attempted to control the slave traffic," and by 1530, at least 5,000 slaves were exported annually from the Congo, said Mr. Green. Richard L. Green is the publisher and editor of "A Salute to Historic African Kings and Queens."

Of course, Affonso I, the king of the Congo, in the continent of Africa, wasn't the only king to get involved in the slave trade. There were other kings in Africa that did it out of profit, and their were some kings that were pitted against each other by the Europeans. But either way it goes, the Hebrews went into slavery by the hands of the kings of Africa and by the hands of the Europeans.

This document makes the connection between the Hebrew/Israelites and the African Slave Trade and explains how and why the Hebrews emigrated or rather fled to the continent of Africa. At the same time, it explains how the Hebrews got caught up in the slave trade. Many of the black people in America want to associate themselves with the African continent, when in fact it actually has nothing to do with the black people of America.

The history of the black people doesn't stop at Africa. There is more to black people than that. Take the time to study black history, and don't stop at Africa. Why, because it will be you who will make a difference in this world..